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Hurricane Cesar–Douglas was a tropical cyclone which formed in late July in the Caribbean Sea and made a rare traversal into the eastern Pacific (where it was renamed Douglas) after crossing Central America. The storm killed 122 people in Central and South America, mainly due to flooding and mudslides. ==Meteorological history== The origins of Hurricane Cesar were from a tropical wave and an elongated area of low pressure that emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa on July 17. For several days, the wave moved westward without any organization, although an anticyclone aloft provided conditions favorable for development. On July 22, convection, or thunderstorms, increased along the wave as it approached the southern Windward Islands. Surface pressure steadily dropped as the system moved through the Lesser Antilles, and a circulation began developing near Trinidad and Tobago. Based on surface and satellite data, it is estimated the system developed into Tropical Depression Three at 1800 UTC on July 24 near Isla Margarita, off the north coast of Venezuela.〔 Operationally, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) did not consider it as a tropical depression until 18 hours later.〔 With an unusually strong high pressure area located over The Bahamas, the tropical depression moved westward through the southern Caribbean near the northern coast of South America. Around 1200 UTC on July 25, it struck the island of Curaçao, which reported sustained winds of 45 mph (75 km/h). The observation indicated the depression attained tropical storm status,〔 although operationally the depression wasn't upgraded until the next day, at which point the NHC named the storm Cesar.〔 After crossing Curaçao, the storm moved near or over Guajira Peninsula in extreme northern Colombia. Its proximity to South America prevented significant strengthening, until late on July 26 when the storm reached the open waters of the southwest Caribbean Sea.〔 On July 27, Cesar attained hurricane status about halfway between Nicaragua and Colombia. Later that day, the hurricane passed over San Andrés island, which is part of a small Colombian archipelago off the east coast of Nicaragua. As Cesar approached Central America, a 17 mile (19 km) eye formed, surrounded by deep convection in the form of an eyewall. At about 0400 UTC on July 28, Hurricane Cesar made landfall just north of Bluefields, Nicaragua with winds of 75 mph (140 km/h). It moved quickly west-northward through the country, weakening to tropical storm status and emerging into the eastern Pacific Ocean by July 29.〔 Upon reaching the Pacific, the system was renamed Tropical Depression Seven-E,〔 but in a post-analysis it was determined the cyclone maintained tropical storm status while crossing Central America.〔 Once its status as a tropical storm was confirmed, it was renamed Tropical Storm Douglas. At the time, the agreement through the World Meteorological Organization was for storms to be renamed if they cross from the Atlantic to the Pacific.〔 As the storm moved westward, it quickly intensified, with an eye-like feature developing by 0900 UTC on July 29. Shortly thereafter, Douglas attained hurricane status about 115 mi (185 km) southwest of the Guatemala/Mexico border.〔 Around that time, tropical cyclone prediction models anticipated two scenarios for the future of Douglas; one was a northwest track to make landfall near Acapulco, and the other was a continued west-northwest track while remaining offshore. Hurricane Douglas ultimately took the latter track.〔 By late on July 29, the eye of the hurricane was well-defined on Mexican radar, and with favorable upper-level outflow, warm sea surface temperatures, and a climatologically favorable region for intense hurricanes, the NHC forecast Douglas to strengthen to winds of 115 mph (185 km/h). The next day, its structure became atypical of a strengthening hurricane, and the eye was briefly not seen on satellite imagery. On July 31, Douglas became much better organized as it turned more west-northwestward, and it attained major hurricane status, or a Category 3 on the Saffir–Simpson scale, about 205 miles (330 km) southwest of Manzanillo. By early on August 1, Douglas reached peak winds of 130 mph (215 km/h), a Category 4 on the Saffir–Simpson scale. Later that day, the hurricane attained its lowest pressure of 946 mbar about 275 miles (440 km) south of the southern tip of the Baja California peninsula. Douglas maintained peak intensity for 36 hours,〔 until August 2 when the eye became less-organized as the overall convection began to weaken. Weakening continued due to cooler waters as Douglas turned to the west, and on August 3 the hurricane deteriorated to tropical storm status.〔 As a tropical storm, there was minimal deep convection, although the center remained very well-defined. On August 5, Douglas weakened to tropical depression status, and by the next day could no longer be classified as a tropical cyclone. The remnant circulation continued westward for several days.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hurricane Cesar–Douglas」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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